リニアシティの歴史

リニアシティと呼ばれる概念や構想・計画は、今日まで、世界の都市計画家や建築家によって提案されてきました。ソリア・イ・マータ、コルビュジェ、ピーター・アイゼンマン、、、

本研究で扱う「リニアシティ」の定義とは完全に合致するものではありませんが、その変遷と歴史を整理することにより、それぞれの時代背景や考え方、現代の課題につながる何かが明らかになるかもしれません。

1892 - Ciudad Lineal by Arturo Soria y Mata

"Arturo Soria y Mata proposed a linear city in 1892, It could be the first modernist city plan. The project - Ciudad Lineal – is a project based on a train line, resulting in a linear city, a city that potentially could be extended into the country side or across continents." - from Cities, Design & Evolution, Marshall, S., 2009 

"Soria y Mata advocated the idea that the pattern of urban extension has to be fully adjusted to the infrastructure necessary for efficient transport. The ‘Ciudad Lineal’ takes the form of a city 400 metres wide, centred on a tramway and a thoroughfare running parallel. The ambitions of Soria y Mata were immense: he proposed a linear city running across Europe from Cadiz in Spain to St Petersburg in Russia. Only a few kilometres were ever built, just outside Madrid’s perimeters, and these have now been completely swallowed up by the modern city."- Wil Zonneveld via http://www.bookrags.com/tandf/linear-city-tf/

http://urbantick.blogspot.com/2010_03_01_archive.html

View LC - Ciudad Lineal Madrid in a larger map

1910 - Roadtown by Edgar Chambless

"The Roadtown is a scheme to organize production, transportation and consumption into one systematic plan. In an age of pipes and wires, and high speed railways such a plan necessitates the building in one dimension instead of three - the line distribution of population instead of the pyramid style of construction. The rail-pipe-and-wire civilization and the increase in the speed of transportation is certain to result in the line distribution of population because of the almost unbelievable economy in construction, in operation and in time." - from "Roadtown", Edgar Chambless, 1910.

Roadtown (1910) Edgar Chambless via http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/12/roadtown-linear-city.php

Roadtown (1910) Edgar Chambless via http://www.treehugger.com/files/2009/12/roadtown-linear-city.php

 
"Roadtown", Edgar Chambless, 1910. Read online: http://www.archive.org/stream/roadtown00chamgoog#page/n11/mode/1up


1930 - Milyutin's Linear City

"Milyutin developed a project which can be said to be a landmark in the philosophy and practice of spatial planning, both within and beyond the Soviet context - the linear city. It is thoroughly discussed in his 1930 book Sotsgorod, or "The Socialist City". His major concern is to create a rational and economical city which acts as an interface between the rural and the urban, and which works as a cost-efficient unified whole, a "functional-assembly-line system". In particular, transportation costs, both in time and money, are to be minimised.

The linear city, as the name suggests, is an elongated peri-urban formation consisting of a series of functionally specialised parallel sectors, the rigorously planned disposition of which, according to Milyutin, is never to be altered. Generally, the city should run parallel to a river and should be built so that the dominant wind blows from the residential areas to the industrial strip. The sectors are: 1) a purely segregated zone for railroad lines, 2) a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and educational institutions (note Engels' statement, quoted by Milyutin, that "education and labour will be united"), 3) a green belt or buffer zone with major highway, 4) a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a "children's band", 5) a park zone, and 6) an agricultural zone with gardens and sovkhozy. Figure 1 shows Milyutin's famous project for the (then) new city of Magnitogorsk.

However, Milyutin's ideas for the linear city went beyond the purely locational aspects in planning. In the same book, Sotsgorod, he put great effort in describing the environment that would have prompted the fastest and most efficient transition from the previous (capitalist) way of life to the new Soviet one." - By Michael Gentile (Malabares) via http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1012097

Milyutin's scheme for the development of Magnitogorsk. Source: Milyutin (1974), p.70

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Link: http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1012097


1931-1942 - THE HIGHWAY CITY - Le Corbusier Algiers Plans

"After a year and a half of research and travel initiated by a conference on the future of the city, Le Corbusier presented a proposal for the North African city of Algiers, Algeria that became greatly influential in the history of contemporary urban planning.

This first proposal, "Obus," involves long viaducts of houses, businesses, and walkways running along the city's coast-- essentially a highway city. The viaduct connects two major suburbs of Algiers, St-Eugene and Hussein-Dey, nearly two miles apart. The viaduct, or elevated highway, is a concrete structure varying in height from 60 - 90 meters that houses 180,000 people along with businesses and walkways beneath the highway. These highway cities provide fast circulation and both beautiful and hygienic volumes for dwelling." - http://cu-megablog.blogspot.com/2006/08/le-corbusier-algiers-plans-1931-1942.html

Obus Algiers - Le Corbusier - http://cu-megablog.blogspot.com/2006/08/le-corbusier-algiers-plans-1931-1942.html

Obus Algiers - Le Corbusier - http://cu-megablog.blogspot.com/2006/08/le-corbusier-algiers-plans-1931-1942.html

Link: http://cu-megablog.blogspot.com/2006/08/le-corbusier-algiers-plans-1931-1942.htm


1965 - The Jersey Corridor Project by Peter Eisenman and Michael Graves

"In December of 1965, Life magazine published a special issue titled “The U.S. City: Its Greatness Is at Stake.”  The upshot was that America’s cities were on a “suicidal” course and bold new ideas would be needed to revive them. One such idea was the “linear city,” a structure that might be a mile wide and as much as 20 miles long containing every possible urban function. The version Life presented, illustrated with a cross section that made it look like a feverish ant farm, was cooked up by an uncredited team of Princeton professors that included the not-yet-famous Peter Eisenman and Michael Graves. Called the Jersey Corridor Project, it consisted of two parallel strips, one for industry and the other “a nearly endless ‘downtown’ of homes, shops, services” with highways in the basement, running like a ribbon through an otherwise pristine natural landscape." - Dwell Magazine via http://www.dwell.com/articles/linear-city-.html

(c) http://www.dwell.com/articles/linear-city-.html

1995 - Linear City by Gilles Gauthier

"The idea of the Linear City results from ten years of study and a close look will make you realize that it brings several solutions to the ecological and sociological problems of our times. Moreover, the Linear City aims at increasing the quality of life by bringing the country-side to the city and it does so through a realistic and affordable transition." - Gilles Gauthier via http://www.linearcity.ca/

"This solution is the Linear City built in height and linearly. Architectural variations are added to modules set up in half-landings. Three transportation systems are inserted in three underground levels: they are superposed one on the other and connected. By being linear, this network is simpler and more efficient and at the same time, the city is located next to the countryside."- Gilles Gauthier via http://www.linearcity.ca/

Linear City - Gilles Gauthier via http://www.linearcity.ca/

Linear City - Gilles Gauthier via http://www.linearcity.ca/

 Link: http://www.linearcity.ca/
 

2005 - SOLAREby Paolo Soleri

"SOLARE, the Lean Linear City, is proposed as a possible alternative to the developing technocracy now endorsed and pursued by China. SOLARE proposes the development of a habitat that may respond to some of the critical situations now taking form in China." - Paolo Soleri (http://wwww.arcosanti.org/project/background/soleri/solare/SOLARE.swf)

(c) Paolo Soleri/arcosanti via http://wwww.arcosanti.org/project/background/soleri/solare/SOLARE.swf

(c) Paolo Soleri/arcosanti via http://wwww.arcosanti.org/project/background/soleri/solare/SOLARE.swf

 
Links:
http://www.arcosanti.org/today/2005/04/20/1114021985000.html 
http://wwww.arcosanti.org/project/background/soleri/solare/SOLARE.swf


"TXL+ Schaufenster einer Energie-Plus Stadt" - gmp architekten 

Ideaworkshop "Academy for Architectural Culture" for the redevelopment of Berlins former Tegel Airport by gmp architekten.

(c) gmp Architekten via http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtplanerische_konzepte/txl/de/download/dokumentation_standortkonferenz2_txl.pdf

"Von Anbeginn war einer der Grundgedanken, den sechseckigen Ring des Terminals als Fokus im Gesamtareal zu markieren und gleichsam kenntlich zu machen, dass von ihm aus das gesamte Areal strahlenförmig gegliedert und zoniert wird. Erst in der vertiefenden Bearbeitung in der Gruppenarbeit an unserer Akademie entstand eine zwischen den beiden Start- und Landebahnen angelegte lineare Stadt, die etwa 3 km lang ist und eine Breite von etwa 240 Metern hat. Die beiden Start- und Landebahnen sind als Wasser- oder Kanalfl ächen ausgebildet, und damit wird die Identität." - Prof. Dr. Meinhard von Gerkan, gmp Architekten via http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtplanerische_konzepte/txl/de/download/dokumentation_standortkonferenz2_txl.pdf

The new city would be located inbetween both runways, stretching 3km in length and 240m in width. The original runways are designated as waterways.

(c) gmp Architekten via http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtplanerische_konzepte/txl/de/download/dokumentation_standortkonferenz2_txl.pdf

LINKS:
http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtplanerische_konzepte/txl/

http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtplanerische_konzepte/txl/de/download/dokumentation_standortkonferenz2_txl.pdf
http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/planen/stadtplanerische_konzepte/txl/de/download/txl_gmp_a3.pdf